The world has always been at odds about how to memorialize the Holocaust and educate future generations about its impact. Since 1949, when survivors in Israel held the first national day of Kaddish (memorial prayer) for the victims of the Shoah, the global Jewish community has struggled with how best to acknowledge its difficult legacy, and at the same time, ensure its history doesn’t repeat.
Should its memory be dedicated to honoring those who perished in the Shoah and those who survived, as many communities do today? Or should its story be dedicated to education and global outreach about the lessons that ethnic bias and political indifference can teach? Should it be a date that is encapsulated in prayer and urges mourners to find yearly closure, as rabbis suggested following the end of World War II? Or should it be a commemorative day that helps future generations connect with the story of that event and inspire further learning?
On Jan. 27, the world will mark the 80th anniversary of the liberation by the Allied Forces of the German Nazis’ Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and death camps. The images captured on that day of the emaciated prisoners left to starve to death by the retreating Nazis horrified the world.
And so it seems appropriate that the Council of the European Union eventually selected that date to launch International Holocaust Remembrance Day, an annual occurrence, in the hopes that it would “show future generations the historical reality of the deplorable and repudiatory events of the Holocaust,” and be a catalyst to education and social change. In 2005, the resolution was signed by all 104 member states of the European Union.
Today, annual Holocaust remembrance ceremonies are held throughout the world. The fact that more than 40 countries and a growing number of states in the United States now support Holocaust education in schools is a testament to the day’s success.
When it comes to productive education initiatives in schools, however, the results aren’t as impressive. Basic knowledge by young adults about what occurred during the 12-year reign of Nazi Germany has declined across the board in Europe, the United States, Canada and Britain. At the same time, antisemitism in many of the democracies that actively promote Holocaust education has escalated.
A 2020 survey commissioned by the Claims Conference found that more than 20% of millennials in America could not say if they had heard about the Holocaust. Some 48% of millennials and Generation Z couldn’t name a single one of the 40,000 concentration and internment camps that had been run by the Nazis, including Auschwitz.
A more recent survey by the American Jewish Committee sought to track Holocaust education levels in the United States alongside current reports of antisemitism in America. The 2022 survey reported similar findings to that of the Claims Conference when it came to Holocaust knowledge by the overall general population. But it also recorded more complaints of antisemitism in the workplace and online in the 18 to 29 age group.
These findings are even more concerning paired with the most recent findings from the Anti-Defamation League’s Global 100 survey. The poll, which surveyed populations from 103 countries, found that 46% of adults, or 2.2 billion people, “harbor deeply entrenched antisemitic attitudes,” according to the ADL, which surveyed 58,000 adults between July 23 and Nov. 13, 2024. Pollsters also found that 39%, of 18- to 35-year-olds exhibited doubts about the Holocaust’s accuracy.
So what’s changed in the classroom? Why is this important story not reaching students as it did in previous years? Is it the way the material is being taught or how it’s being internalized by students?
A federal mandate for a standardized curriculum
Maybe both, say researchers.
At present, 40 U.S. states support Holocaust education initiatives. At least 17 have appointed a commission or task force to oversee yearly programs. That number is misleading, however, because not all states require Holocaust education at the elementary or high school level.
Nebraska, for example, has a commission to oversee Holocaust commemorations and to make recommendations for optional presentations at the school level. Texas, New Jersey and Missouri, mandate education in schools and have a commission to review and make recommendations. Other states, like Idaho, have passed “permissive” legislation that encourages curriculum in the classroom though doesn’t necessitate it. Eleven states don’t require Holocaust education at all.
This patchwork of approaches means that not all students receive the same kind or level of instruction. The answer, say education advocates, is a federal mandate that requires all schools to teach a standardized curriculum. Mandates create consistency. They can also ensure that all kids are given the same opportunities to learn.
Still, even states that have their own robust mandates in place are struggling to address antisemitism in high schools and universities right now. In 2022, the state of Texas, which hosts a week-long presentation of classes and seminars every January, had the fifth-highest incidence of antisemitism in the country.
So perhaps the answer isn’t just creating consistency but new approaches.
For those of us who grew up in the shadow of World War II, what happened during the Holocaust still matters. It has, and always will have, real-time relevance, even to the Boomer generation born in its aftermath.
My first lesson about the Holocaust didn’t occur in the classroom or at a commemoration ceremony in the early 1960s in California. It occurred in the movie theater, where my brothers and I hung out on weekends.
Before the cartoons that preceded each movie, the theater projected a news summary of the latest events across the world, including stories about the millions of refugees still fleeing Europe. Oftentimes, those scratchy, poorly filmed news shorts included a recap of the Allies’ role in the Second World War, along with heart-wrenching images of the war and the Holocaust. At age 6 or 7, the news still felt present-day and couldn’t help but shape my worldview. By the time I was 13, books for young adults about Adolf Hitler and his frightening legacy were already on the bookshelves. Conversations about the Holocaust were beginning to take shape and already had context for the youngest generations.
Today’s challenge for teachers is to find new ways to engage the students who have no memory of that period or an appreciation for why Holocaust history matters.
“If we focus strictly on numbers, we miss what is truly important: the human beings. It is far easier to empathize with an individual human being’s story that we can relate to, rather than with estimated numbers in the millions,” advises the Montreal Holocaust Museum on its website. Its “Heart of Auschwitz” activity guides elementary students through a true story of compassion and hope at Auschwitz, using artifacts that impart an uplifting moral. Lesson plans can be downloaded from the site, and its educational guide—a bulkier presentation that includes a reproduction of the heart and a DVD—is free to educators (minus shipping costs).
The Holocaust Center for Humanity in Seattle has realized as well that students of all ages relate best when they can see and experience the human story behind a lesson. To that end, the center has compiled three Holocaust Teaching Trunks for elementary, middle and high school students about real-life stories of children during that period. It, too, aims to connect with children through the humanity of its victims and the enormous courage of those who risked their lives to help.
Judaism teaches us throughout the year that the best way to retain our history is to appreciate the human beings behind that testimony. It’s a valuable lesson for today. If we want future generations to remember why we commemorate the Shoah each year, then we must ensure its teachable lessons resonate with the hearts—and not just the minds—of modern-day listeners. Today’s youngest generations will one day be the next educators of Holocaust knowledge.
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'Topics': 'world-news,rally,british-jewry,london,united-kingdom,israel-solidarity',
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