Prof. Ofer Marder, Prof. Israel Hershkovitz and Dr. Omry Barzilai in the Manot Cave. Credit: Omry Barzilai.
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Galilee cave discovery sheds light on first cases of communal worship
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According to researchers, the ritual complex reveals new information about the spiritual life of the Upper Paleolithic people in the Levant.
text

A rare prehistoric ritual complex has been uncovered in the depths of the Manot Cave in the Western Galilee, Israel.

The study of this complex, published in the journal PNAS, was led by Dr. Omry Barzilai from the University of Haifa and Israel Antiquities Authority, Prof. Ofer Marder from Ben-Gurion University and Prof. Israel Hershkovitz from Tel Aviv University.

"The rare discovery provides a glimpse into the spiritual world of Paleolithic hunter-gatherer groups who lived in our region approximately 35,000 years ago," said Dr. Barzilai.

"The engraved rock was deliberately placed in a niche in the deepest, darkest part of the cave. The turtle-shell design, carved on a three-dimensional object, indicates that it may have represented a totem or a mythological or spiritual figure. Its special location, far from the daily activity areas near the cave entrance, suggests that it was an object of worship. Notably, there are prehistoric caves in Western Europe, with similar findings testifying these places held symbolic importance and served for ritual and communal activities," he added.

In the course of the study of the complex, the researchers uncovered ash remains in one of the stalagmite rings near the engraved rock, confirming the use of fire to illuminate the ritual space, likely with torches. Acoustic tests revealed that the complex possesses enhanced natural acoustics, which could have created a unique auditory experience for communal activities, such as prayer, singing and dancing.

A turtle shell-shaped rock with geometric carvings. Credit: Clara Amit, Israel Antiquities Authority.

"This is an unprecedented discovery of a space with 'audio-visual equipment,' centered around a ritual object (the turtle), which constitutes the first evidence of communal rituals in the Levant," said Prof. Hershkovitz.

"It is no surprise that prehistoric hunters chose to conduct their rituals in the darkest part of the Manot Cave, as darkness embodies sacred and hidden qualities, symbolizing rebirth and renewal. The establishment of ritual centers during the Upper Paleolithic was a central element in the development and institutionalization of collective identity—a necessary stage in the transition from small, isolated hunter-gatherer groups based on blood ties between individuals to large, complex societies," he added.

The chronological age of the ritual complex in the Manot Cave was dated to 35,000–37,000 years ago, a period associated with the sudden emergence of the Aurignacian culture, known in Europe for its symbolic objects and cave paintings.

"In our excavations in the Manot Cave, we uncovered rich Aurignacian layers near the cave entrance that included flint tools, bone and antler implements and shell beads," said Prof. Marder.

A deer beam from the hidden hall in the Manot Cave. Credit: Dafna Gazit, Israel Antiquities Authority.

The Manot Cave is particularly well-known for its stunning stalactites and remains of habitation from several prehistoric cultures of the Upper Paleolithic period. Among its notable discoveries is a 55,000-year-old modern human skull, the oldest modern human fossil found outside Africa.

In a small, hidden chamber adjacent to the ritual complex, a complete deer antler with signs of use was discovered.

"Antlers were used as raw material for crafting tools for various purposes by Upper Paleolithic cultures in Europe, and by the Aurignacian culture in the Levant. The placement of the deer antler in a hidden chamber adjacent to the ritual site may be connected to the ritual activities in the cave," explained Barzilai.

According to the researchers, the discovery of the ritual complex in the Manot Cave sheds new light on the spiritual life of the Upper Paleolithic people in the Levant.

"This research enriches our understanding of prehistoric humans, their symbolic world and the nature of the worship rituals that connected ancient communities. Identifying communal rituals in the Paleolithic era marks a breakthrough in our understanding of human society and offers more than just a glimpse into ancient ritual practices. It reveals the central role of rituals and symbols in shaping collective identity and strengthening social bonds," they said.

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    Jan. 16, 2025

A senior U.S. administration source has disclosed to CNN that two American citizens held hostage in Gaza since Oct. 7 are expected to be released in the first phase of the ceasefire agreement with Hamas announced on Wednesday.

The Americans slated for release are Keith Siegel and Sagui Dekel-Chen, according to the source. Along with them, five female IDF spotters—Liri Albag, Karina Ariev, Agam Berger, Daniella Gilboa and Naama Levy—could be freed as early as Sunday.

Their expected release is part of the broader, phased agreement to secure the release of all the hostages held in Gaza. Currently, seven Americans remain in captivity there. IDF soldier Idan Alexander, Siegal and Dekel-Chen are presumed to be alive, and four other Americans initially listed among the hostages have been confirmed dead, their bodies still unrecovered.

U.S. President Joe Biden confirmed American citizens would be included in the first group of releases. However, he carefully avoided specifying numbers, identities or details regarding their condition.

"Even as we welcome this news, we remember all the families whose loved ones were killed in Hamas's Oct. 7 attack, and the many innocent people killed in the war that followed," Biden said. "It is long past time for the fighting to end and the work of building peace and security to begin. I am also thinking of the American families, three of whom have living hostages in Gaza and four [of whom are] awaiting [the] return of remains after what has been the most horrible ordeal imaginable. Under this deal, we are determined to bring all of them home."

Originally published by Israel Hayom.

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Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich's Religious Zionism Party signaled on Thursday it would likely exit Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's coalition over the ceasefire agreement with Hamas.

The party convened Thursday morning to deliberate on its role in the governing coalition ahead of a likely cabinet vote on the agreement, according to Hebrew media reports, although the Prime Minister's Office announced in the morning that the vote had been postponed due to Hamas reneging on parts of the deal.

“The Israeli Cabinet will not convene until the mediators notify Israel that Hamas has accepted all elements of the agreement,” according to the PMO.

A party official called the crisis "serious and real," according to Channel 12 News.

Knesset member Zvi Sukkot earlier told Israel's Reshet Bet radio that Religious Zionism was likely to leave the government. He emphasized that the party aims to "transform the DNA of the State of Israel" rather than simply hold positions in the coalition.

Smotrich has openly opposed the agreement, which was announced on Wednesday, as a “surrender deal” and a “catastrophe” for the Jewish state. He has reportedly set conditions to stay in the government should the agreement be approved, including a government commitment to the dismantling of Hamas and renewing the fighting in Gaza following the ceasefire.

He participated in closed-door meetings with Netanyahu on Tuesday and Wednesday.

National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir is also threatening to pull his Otzma Yehudit Party from Netanyahu's coalition over the deal and has called for Smotrich to join him.

Meanwhile, Israeli leaders from both sides of the political aisle came out in favor of the hostage deal.

Yair Lapid, leader of the opposition and chairman of the Yesh Atid Party, said: “An entire country isn’t breathing tonight. We are all waiting, and we are all praying. But we cannot stop now, and the deal cannot end in its first part. I promise as I promised in the past a [political] safety net [for Netanyahu] until the last moment, until the last hostage. Everyone must return home.”

Benny Gantz, chairman of the National Unity Party, stated that “securing the release of the hostages from the arms of the murderous terror organization Hamas is a top moral and strategic imperative. It is simply the only way forward.”

He extended thanks to the negotiators in Israel, Egypt and Qatar; to outgoing U.S. President Joe Biden; and to U.S. President-elect Donald Trump.

“As President Trump said, we must now ensure Gaza never again rebuilds as a terrorist haven and continues to threaten the State of Israel,” said Gantz.

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Hamas has reneged on parts of the ceasefire agreement announced on Wednesday in an effort to extort last-minute concessions, the Israeli Prime Minister's Office said on Thursday.

"The Israeli Cabinet will not convene until the mediators notify Israel that Hamas has accepted all elements of the agreement," according to the PMO.

Hamas Political Bureau member Ezzat al-Rishq was quoted by Channel 12 News, responding to the statement from the PMO: "Hamas is committed to the ceasefire agreement announced by the mediators."

Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich’s Religious Zionism Party signaled on Thursday it would likely exit Netanyahu’s coalition over the ceasefire agreement with Hamas.

A party official called the crisis “serious and real,” according to Channel 12.

Thirty-three hostages out of the 98 held by Hamas in Gaza are set to be released during the first phase of the deal. The agreement specifies that nine sick and injured captives are to be exchanged for 110 Palestinian prisoners serving life sentences in Israeli prisons.

Israeli forces are to gradually withdraw from the Philadelphi Corridor along the Gaza-Egypt border. The withdrawal will begin on the 42nd day of the first phase, after the release of the final hostage for the phase, and is to be completed by the 50th day.

The Rafah Crossing to Egypt will be prepared for civilian and medical evacuations immediately after the agreement is signed.

Netanyahu spoke on Wednesday night with U.S. President-elect Donald Trump and thanked him for his help forging the ceasefire agreement.

“The prime minister made it clear that he is committed to returning all of the hostages however he can and commended the U.S. president-elect for his remarks that the U.S. would work with Israel to ensure that Gaza will never be a haven for terrorism,” according to a statement from Jerusalem.

Netanyahu shortly thereafter spoke with U.S. President Joe Biden and “thanked him for his assistance in advancing the hostage deal."

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Incoming U.S. National Security Advisor Mike Waltz said on Wednesday that the Trump administration will support renewed Israeli military action against Hamas in Gaza if the terrorist group violates the terms of the ceasefire.

"We've made it very clear to the Israelis, and I want the people of Israel to hear me on this—if they need to go back in, we're with them. If Hamas doesn't live up to the terms of this agreement, we are with them," the Republican representative from Florida’s 6th District, whom President-elect Donald Trump tapped for the NSA role in November, told Fox News anchor Bret Baier.

"Hamas is not going to continue as a military entity and it certainly is not going to govern Gaza," Waltz stressed.

Waltz said that he understands the concerns about the Palestinian terrorists released from prison as part of the agreement, but that "at the end of the day those hostages have been down there in those tunnels getting raped, abused, in horrific conditions. They have been there longer than the 1979 hostages, in much more horrific conditions," referring to the Iran hostage crisis.

He said that 25 of the 33 hostages on the list to be released in the first stage of the deal are alive.

"I'm convinced they all would have died if President Trump hadn't come in and said get them out," said Waltz.

"It's important to note that we will see hostages walking out and hugging their families as President Trump is being sworn in as the next president of the United States (on Jan. 20) and that is something we all should be celebrating."

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  • Words count:
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Life in Israel often mirrors the emotional ebbs and flows of rabbinic work—you can go from an emotional high to the lowest of lows in mere moments—and the war has only exacerbated this reality.

I’m blessed to serve as a mohel. These happy occasions feel like brief vacations from the relentless waves of rockets and bad news that have been plaguing the country. Shabbat Chanukah was much the same. Sirens blared at 2:15 a.m., jarring us awake, as part of the Houthis plan to ruin the “Festival of Lights.” As my family and I huddled in the safe room, we felt lucky. This was our first major disruption, whereas central Israel had sirens in the middle of the previous three nights. What would the remainder of the holiday be like?

The Shabbat attack made the next day’s brit milah that much sweeter. The event overlooked a breathtaking view of the Judean hills. All who were present sang together as the new baby was brought into the covenant. But as with all happy occasions, the time came to return to normal life. I had a shiva call to make.

Most days, I pray the afternoon service at the mall below my home. Many of the shop owners attend this gathering, and I’ve gotten to know them. One afternoon recently, someone pointed out that one of the shops was closed and that there was a sign attached to the window.

The owner's son had fallen in Gaza.

As I made my way from the bris to the shiva home, I worried about what the experience might be like. My first encounter with tragedy like this was many years beforehand when I was studying to be a rabbi. The Merkaz HaRav Yeshiva in Jerusalem was ravaged by a gun-wielding terrorist who murdered many of the teenage students. One of the families who suffered that unthinkable loss lived near the school I attended. The students and faculty came to pay their respects, as did many across the country.

The parents of the murdered boy were long divorced but still lived next door to one another. We went from one home to the next and sat with both. Jewish law dictates that the mourner sets the pace. Those who come to comfort do not initiate conversation. The intention is to give mourners space to open the dialogue as they see fit, setting aside our own assumptions about what they might need.

We visited the mother’s home first. There were many people in attendance, both family members and visitors. There was an air of heaviness but much love as we heard stories of her late son. When the time came, we offered her the traditional condolences and made our way to the father’s home.

The two experiences couldn’t have been more opposite.

The father sat alone in a dimly lit room. No one else was there. He stared at us with pain-filled eyes for what felt like an eternity. Not a word was said. When it came time to leave, we offered the traditional condolences and made our way back to school. That particular interaction remains in the back of my mind when I now make shiva calls, especially tragic ones.

When I arrived at the fallen soldier’s home, I waited to see what conversation would ensue. Unlike the time I sat in silence, there was a constant stream of people approaching the parents and offering condolences. There was only one point when the father was able to tell us anything about his son.

Just then, an unassuming elderly gentleman entered and sat down. The mother turned to him and asked: “Does it ever get any easier?”

He must have lost a child in one of Israel’s wars. “You need to keep living. You have to keep living,” the man repeated. You could see the pain in his eyes as he instructed them. There was a momentary pause. Then he said, “one of my great-grandchildren just enlisted.” Not long after this back and forth, I offered condolences before heading to my next emotionally charged event.

As I drove away, I realized that I had been living in a state of denial since our first child was born. Through all that’s happened since Oct 7, 2023, this shop owner is the first person I’ve known to lose a child in war. Having lived in this bubble, I’ve never truly faced the reality of my own children’s fates. Of course, I knew it was coming, but it always seemed distant—like it was happening to someone else, somewhere else. I had this foolish vision of a peaceful world just beyond the horizon that would be ushered in before my firstborn’s induction into the army.

The combination of the shop owner and the elderly gentleman made everything clear. The time is coming when I’ll spend sleepless nights wishing I could protect what I hold most dear, though it will be entirely beyond my control. All I’ll have left is prayer. I’ll beseech the Almighty that they’ll return home safely and that one day soon this rollercoaster we’re all on will reach its final destination, and we‘ll find some respite.

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  • Words count:
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Over a thousand prisoners, including many serving life sentences, will be released by Israel as part of its ceasefire agreement with Hamas, according to details reported by Palestinian and Israeli media on Wednesday night.

Prisoner and hostage exchange

The deal includes the release of prisoners from Gaza detained on Oct. 8, 2023, following the Hamas-led massacre that initiated the war. These individuals were not involved in the Oct. 7 attack.

A total of 33 hostages, out of the 98 held by Hamas in Gaza, are set to be released during the first phase. The agreement specifies that nine sick and injured captives will be exchanged for 110 Palestinian prisoners serving life sentences in Israeli prisons.

Hostages over the age of 50 from the list of 33 will be freed according to a ratio of 1:3 for life sentences and 1:27 for other sentences.

Avera Mengistu and Hisham al-Sayed, Israelis held in Gaza since 2015 and 2014, respectively, will be released under a 1:30 exchange ratio, along with 47 prisoners freed under the 2011 Gilad Shalit deal who were later re-arrested. Additional Palestinian prisoners abroad or in Gaza will be freed based on lists agreed upon by both sides.

Philadelphi Corridor

Israeli forces will gradually withdraw from the Philadelphi Corridor along the Gaza-Egypt border. The withdrawal will begin on the 42nd day of the first phase, after the release of the final hostage for the phase, and is to be completed by the 50th day.

Rafah Crossing

The Rafah Crossing to Egypt will be prepared for civilian and medical evacuations immediately after the agreement is signed.

• Israeli forces will redeploy around Rafah according to agreed maps.

• Daily passage of 50 wounded Hamas fighters, accompanied by three individuals each, will be allowed, subject to Israeli and Egyptian approval.

• All sick and injured Palestinian civilians will be permitted to exit via Rafah, in line with Clause 12 of the May 27, 2024 agreement.

The crossing’s operation will follow consultations held with Egypt in August 2024.

IDF redeployment

Israeli forces will withdraw eastward from populated areas along Gaza’s border, including Wadi Gaza, the Netzarim Route and Kuwait Circle, and redeploy to a perimeter along the Gaza border 700 meters deep. Five exceptions extending up to an additional 400 meters will be determined by Israel.

Return of displaced persons

• On the seventh day, displaced individuals may return to northern Gaza on foot, without weapons or security checks, via Al-Rashid Street.

• By the 22nd day, returns will also be permitted via Salah al-Din Street, without checks.

• Vehicles may return northward via the Netzarim Route on the seventh day, subject to inspection by a private company designated by mediators and coordinated with Israel.

Second-phase goals

The agreement seeks to finalize the terms of the May 27, 2024 framework for a comprehensive hostage-prisoner exchange and a durable ceasefire. Measures implemented in the first phase will continue, and mediators will ensure negotiations progress toward a final agreement.

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  • Words count:
    259 words
  • Type of content:
    Update Desk
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    Jan. 16, 2025

The announcement on Wednesday of a ceasefire agreement being reached between Israel and Hamas elicited contrasting reactions from two groups representing the families of those still being held in Gaza.

The Tikva Forum of Hostages' Families criticized the deal as a dangerous compromise with a terrorist organization that favors some hostages but fails most of them.

By contrast, the Hostages and Missing Families Forum expressed "overwhelming joy and relief" at the agreement, describing it as a monumental step toward reuniting with their loved ones.

In its statement, the Tikva Forum called on cabinet members who will vote on the deal “to resign immediately, and not be part of a government that betrays dozens of hostages, leaving them in captivity.”

The deal, in which 33 hostages are to be returned in exchange for at least 990 Palestinian prisoners in the first phase, “leaves dozens of hostages behind in Gaza. It also sets the stage for the next massacre and future kidnappings of Israelis,” the Tikva Forum added.

Hamas has 98 hostages in total, according to Israel, and the remaining 64 are to be returned in later phases of the deal through an unspecified procedure, pending the completion of the agreement's first phase.

In its statement, the Hostages and Missing Families Forum, which has been more critical of the government than Tikva and advocated making greater concessions to Hamas, wrote that its members “welcome the agreement with overwhelming joy and relief.”

However, the text added, “deep anxiety and concerns accompany us regarding the possibility that the agreement might not be fully implemented, leaving hostages behind.”

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  • Words count:
    654 words
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    Jan. 16, 2025

An Egyptian convert to Christianity who had jet-skied to safety in Israel after being arrested, tortured and sentenced to death for his religious beliefs over a quarter century ago has returned to the Jewish state to make a documentary film about Hamas's Oct. 7, 2023, massacre and the dangers of Islamic extremism.

“God used Israel to save my life,” Majed el-Shafie, the president and founder of the Toronto-based One Free World International, told JNS this week in Jerusalem. “I felt that after Oct. 7 I had to do something.  I had to return the favor.”

The 70-minute film he produced, "Dying to Live: The October 7 Massacre," tells the story of the deadliest single attack on the Jewish people since the Holocaust through the lens of a Muslim turned evangelical Christian who is now an outspoken supporter of Israel. 

The English-language documentary, which was supported by evangelical and Jewish groups, premiered in Israel this week after being shown in private settings in Canada last month.

El-Shafie says he is working to translate his film—which includes interviews with both Arab and Muslim officials in discussing how such an attack can ever be justified—into Arabic, Persian and Urdu.

“You can kill hundreds of Yahya Sinwars and Hassan Nasrallahs,” he said, referring to the Hamas and Hezbollah leaders eliminated by Israel last year, "but more will come.”

“You have to fight the ideology and change people’s minds and hearts.”

Closing a circle

His fifth wartime visit to Israel, for the nationwide screening of the movie, closes something of a circle for the 47-year-old human rights activist.

Born in Cairo to a well-off Muslim family, he was arrested in Egypt in 1998 for converting to Christianity and speaking out about his religious beliefs. He was imprisoned and tortured.  After receiving the death penalty and placed under house arrest, he managed to escape Egypt by driving a stolen jet-ski from Taba in Sinai to the nearby Israeli Red Sea resort town of Eilat, realizing that Israel was his only way out of the predominantly Arab Middle East.

He was arrested in Israel and served nearly a year in jail, but was able to fight off an Egyptian extradition request and was eventually freed through the assistance of various Christian organizations, including the International Christian Embassy in Jerusalem, which helped him to obtain political asylum in Canada. His Egyptian family had disowned him.

Living in Canada over the last two decades, he became a respected voice for human rights but never forgot his road to freedom in the West via Israel. The Oct. 7 attack spurred him to action.

“I am returning the favor by speaking the truth and by saying what is happening,” he said.

The challenges he faces are evident toward the end of the film when he speaks in Arabic to a Palestinian living near Bethlehem who still questions the Oct. 7 attack—despite it being filmed live by Hamas terrorists themselves—and who levels the blame squarely on both sides. In another scene, el-Shafie, who interviews bereaved Israeli family members as well as families of the hostages still being held in Gaza, apologizes to one of them as a former Muslim, only to be rebuked by the Israeli, who says he has nothing to do with the likes of Hamas.

“It was very important for me as an Egyptian to come here and say I love you and will defend you,” he told JNS, noting that the cold peace that exists between Egypt and Israel is mostly only at the government level.

While expressing shock over the outburst of rabid antisemitism in the West, including in Canada, amid the 15-month-old war, el-Shafie said that Hamas and its acolytes have shown their true colors.

“I thank Hamas for showing the true face of terrorism and antisemitism in the West, and for also uniting the Jewish people—who have shown zeal and strength under attack—and showing them where their soul is.”

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  • Words count:
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  • Publication Date:
    Jan. 16, 2025

Hungarian budget carrier Wizz Air, which returned to Israel in December with flights only to Larnaca, Cyprus, relaunched additional Israel routes on Wednesday. The renewed flights ended months of a de facto halt to its Israel operations.

Most airlines canceled flights to the Jewish state in recent months due to ongoing tensions in the region.

Wizz Air said it will operate flights to various destinations, including Bucharest, Rome, Milan, Abu Dhabi, Sofia, Warsaw, London, Katowice, Athens, Larnaca, Budapest, Vienna and more. The company's first flight today from Bucharest has already landed in Israel, and throughout Wednesday additional flights are expected to land from destinations such as Vilnius, Vienna, Budapest, London, Larnaca and more.

The return of the Hungarian budget carrier will expand flight options to and from Israel, which could affect ticket prices. Another budget carrier expected to join in the coming months, possibly even by the end of March according to ticket sales on their website, is Ryanair.

The airline plans to operate a full flight schedule to Israel this summer, when it expects travel to and from Tel Aviv to return to normal, a Ryanair executive announced on Sunday.

Last month, six airlines—Wizz Air, Biz Airlines, Air Europe, Lot, Air Baltic and Bulgaria Air—announced they would restore their Israel routes in the near future.

Several foreign airlines have resumed flights to Israel since the Nov. 27 ceasefire with Hezbollah in Lebanon, with major European carriers, including Air France, British Airways and the Lufthansa group, expected to restart service next month.

The three major U.S. legacy carriers, however, are still not flying to and from Israel at this time. This makes El Al the sole airline operating direct flights between the United States and Israel.

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