Leviathan, the largest natural-gas field ever discovered, is located under the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Israel. It is deep in the Levantine Basin, an area rich in hydrocarbons. The field is roughly 130 kilometers west of Haifa and 1,500 meters deep.
Leviathan is estimated to hold more than 21 trillion cubic feet of natural gas—enough to fill Israel’s power-generation needs for the next 40 years while still leaving ample supply for export.
Leviathan could prove to be a game-changer for Israel’s relations with the European Union.
Israel’s proven gas reserves are estimated at some 455 billion cubic meters (bcm), while the Eastern Mediterranean has about 2,100 bcm of gas in total. The E.U.’s consumption of gas in 2017 was 410 bcm, meaning Israel’s reserves are enough to supply the European Union.
Israel’s gas production is anticipated to exceed demand by 80 percent in 2020, thanks to production from Leviathan 1A. This will enable Israel to become a gas exporter in the Eastern Mediterranean. (The Karish field, which has recoverable reserves of 1.7 tcf [60 bcm], is also under development and is expected to start supplying the domestic market in 2021.)
Israeli natural gas offers the European Union a rare opportunity to loosen Russia’s longtime chokehold on energy. Moscow wields access to energy supplies as a political weapon. The Levantine basin offers the European Union an alternative: a reliable and price-competitive source of liquefied natural gas.
In January 2019, Israel, Egypt and Cyprus announced the creation of the Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum, which aims to build a 1,200-mile pipeline connecting the abundant hydrocarbon reserves of the Levantine basin with Europe via Cyprus and Crete. The European Commission has contributed nearly $39 million to the project, which is forecast to be completed in seven years.
The transformation of the eastern Mediterranean into an energy hub could have major global geopolitical implications.
After a meeting in Tel Aviv with the energy ministers of Israel, Cyprus, Greece and Italy, European Climate and Energy Commissioner Miguel Arias Canete said the pipeline would help the European Union limit its reliance on the Nord Stream pipeline via Russia. This development concerns Moscow, of course, because the Russian economy is heavily dependent on the export of natural resources such as oil and natural gas.
Russia holds 54 percent of the world’s total reserves of gas, 46 percent of its coal, 14 percent of its uranium and 13 percent of its oil. It provides 37 percent of Europe’s gas supplies via its oil and gas giant Gazprom. Europe’s energy dependence has paid off handsomely for Russia.
Russia’s contract to use Ukrainian pipelines to ship natural gas to Europe expired on Dec. 31, 2019. The last time the contract was up for negotiation, Russia stopped gas shipments for 13 days in the dead of winter. The result was freezing temperatures in homes from Sofia to Rome. If no contract is signed and Ukraine ceases to be a transit state, Europe may not immediately suffer a shortage, but prices will spike.
Ten years ago, Israel depended on Egyptian natural gas. Today, Israel exports natural gas to both Egypt and Jordan.
Export agreements to Jordan and Egypt have already been concluded for Leviathan Phase 1A gas. Israel will export 106 bcf (3 bcm) natural gas per year to Jordan starting in 2020 through a 65-kilometer pipeline. Israel will need access to additional markets, however, if it is to export large quantities of natural gas. A burgeoning energy relationship with the European Union is very much in Jerusalem’s interest.
Dr. Frank Musmar is a financial and performance management specialist.
This article was first published by the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies.
